4.25 ANALYSIS OF THE FORMATION OF PRIMARY VEHICLES

Abstract

Аnnotation

It should be said that the communication paths also developed from the bottom up, from simple to complex. The scope of the roads, which were initially formed within the boundaries of a small area, also expanded. Some roads that appeared within a certain clan and tribe developed into intercontinental roads. Horses and camels, the first main means of transportation on land, were not invented by humans, but they existed in nature since ancient times. The situation is completely different for vehicles on river and sea routes.

Key words: road, communication, communication, territory, development.

 The development of a road communication system also depends on the vehicles that move in it. At first people walked along the roads. However, as the distance increased, it became increasingly difficult to reach the destination on foot. They began to use animals such as horses and camels, which were easy to ride. Travel over long distances, especially by horse and camel, became reliable. These animals were used not only for riding, but also for carrying loads and transporting loaded carts. In this sense, horses and camels and their associated carts were considered the first means of transport. For thousands of years, these animals happily served people on trips to distant lands and trade relations.

The existence of a road communication system has shown its influence at all times and everywhere. The road transport system refers to communication routes on land, water and air that connect areas and vehicles moving along them. Depending on their importance, communication channels can be at the national, regional and intercontinental level. It should be said that the ways of communication also developed from the bottom up, from simple to complex. The scope of the roads, which were initially formed within the boundaries of a small area, also expanded. Some roads that arose within a certain clan and tribe turned into intercontinental roads. But the roads did not come to this level on their own. It was realized thanks to the hard work of many people over tens and hundreds of years. Some even sacrificed their lives for this purpose.

Without any exaggeration, we can say that without horses and camels there would not have been such concepts as “Wild Road”, “Royal Road”, “Meadow Road” and “Great Silk Road”, which were used by humanity in the past. Because the ancient roads, the names of which we mentioned, stretched for thousands of kilometers. Although these were the first land vehicles, there were also river and sea vehicles. Humanity began to travel along river and sea routes much later than by land. There was a big difference between land transport and river and sea transport. Horses and camels, the first major means of land transportation, were not invented by humans, but have existed in nature since ancient times. The situation is completely different with vehicles on river and sea routes. The rafts, boats and ships used on these roads are all products of human thought. Simply put, people had to create and discover means of transportation along sea routes.

In the main part of human civilization, for thousands, ten thousand, hundreds of thousands and even millions of years, horses and camels on land caravan routes, carts, boats and ships moving with oars and sails along river and sea routes, the main means of the road communication system. However, scientific and technological discoveries and the emergence of industrialization in the 17-18 centuries. radically changed the situation in the road communication system.

It is known that means of communication on sea routes are mainly driven by physical force and with the help of natural phenomena: rivers, sea currents and winds. As a result of scientific and technological discoveries, these tools began to be mechanized. The engines of these machines were driven by steam. The first steam engines appeared on the sea routes, and since then they have been leading the global road transport system. The first steam engine powered by a steam engine was built by the American Robert Fulton in 1807. The discoverer named his 40.5 m long and 5.5 m wide gunboat Clermont. Moving at a speed of 8 km per hour, this steamer freed sailors from hard rowing and dependence on the wind on sea routes.

 Over the years, oil-fired and electric steamships began to ply the sea routes. The advent of modern maritime transport has increased the importance of sea routes, these vehicles can carry more goods, they can reach destinations much faster, and travel and trade have become more reliable, convenient and safe. For this purpose, harbors were built, canals were dug, and ferries appeared in places where sea routes began and passed. Without them, it is difficult to imagine modern sea routes and maritime transport.

Harbors, i.e. ports, are areas of special importance on sea routes. Ports are built in the coastal part of oceans and seas and are special places for parking, servicing ships, loading and unloading cargo, boarding and disembarking passengers. Currently, there are more than two thousand ports in the world, according to the data, the first port is “Approximately million average. It appeared in the Mediterranean in the 4th millennium BC. The current cargo turnover of major ports is 270 million tons. tons or more." As you can see, the main harbors are very busy today. There are many harbors of this size on earth. When they are all combined, the amount of work is very large. These numbers can be easily written down. But transporting, loading and unloading such cargo will not be enough. To imagine this size, you need to try to lift or move loads of 25 kg and 50 kg at the same time. Then you can get a little feel for the amount of cargo in the millions and billions of tons.

One of the other integral components of shipping routes are canals. A canal is a waterway that connects one body of water to another body of water by short routes. Channels are divided into two types: 1. Natural channels. 2. Artificial canals. Natural channels are natural narrow straits. Straits are natural waterways between continents, continents and land, and are part of the sea routes. There are famous and famous straits such as Dover between Great Britain and France, Bosporus in the Black Sea, Dardanelles. In particular, it is known that four hundred thousand ships pass through the Strait of Dover every year. Now let's talk about artificial canals. As the name suggests, artificial canals were created as a result of human activity. Artificial canals are dug over land to reduce the distance between sea routes and thus connect bodies of water that are far from each other. Many such canals have been built in the history of sea routes. Among them, the Suez Canal, which has very high economic efficiency and great social significance, has played an important role not only in sea routes, but also in the development of world communications. We can say that this channel is becoming increasingly important in the export of products from developing Asian countries to the EU countries.

The interconnectedness of the modern road transport system is clearly visible in the activities of ferries, which are an integral part of sea routes. Ferries are floating structures on the sea that transport land vehicles, cars and trains carrying passengers and cargo from one side of the sea or river to another. The positive side of this is that cars, having crossed to the other side, will continue to travel to their destination on the highway, and trains on the railway. The region is home to the world's largest ferries. In particular, ferries operate on the 300-kilometer route Baku (Azerbaijan) - Krasnovodsk (Turkmenistan) and other routes on the Caspian Sea.

It should be recognized that for several centuries sea routes were ahead of the curve in many ways. According to information, in modern world trade relations, “maritime transport carries out almost 80% of international trade.” You could say that these percentages are based on very large numbers. It is seen that the remaining 20% of international trade is carried out through land routes and air routes. After all, the importance of land roads and air routes and the potential of vehicles on them is very great. Couldn't both be equal to sea routes and sea transport? So there can be no equal. Of course, there are reasons for this. They are determined by the following: firstly, there is no need to spend money on the construction of sea routes. As long as there are boats and ships that can sail on it, you can sail anywhere; secondly, sea routes (except for internal canals and rivers) do not cross the borders of any country, so no one has to pay for transit; thirdly, sea routes have more than one alternative to reach the destination; fourthly, the operating efficiency of marine vehicles moving along sea routes is very high. Sea transport is capable of sailing very long distances without stopping, carrying a lot of cargo; fifthly, it is convenient to transport goods by sea and there are high possibilities for safe delivery of goods to their destination; sixth, in addition to international sea routes, some countries have internal rivers, canals and lakeways, the importance of which is especially However, if they are adjacent to international sea routes, it increases and serves to further increase the volume of cargo and passenger traffic on sea routes. According to the accounting books of specialists, river vessels can transport more cargo than railway vessels, and most importantly, they consume almost 6 times less electricity per unit of transported cargo.

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